Urine test is a simple but essential test in assessment of kidney function and in early identification some kidney or systemic diseases. Abnormalities found in the urine may signal various imbalances or conditions and must be interpreted correctly in a medical context.

What can a urine test show? A complete urine test may reveal abnormal presence of substances that should not normally be found in the urine in significant amounts or at all. These changes may be a sign of kidney disease or other systemic disorders.

Main commonly identified anomalies:

1. Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in urine, especially albumin, indicates kidney filter damage (glomeruliIt is an important marker in:

• Chronic kidney disease - persistent proteinuria is a criterion for diagnosis and severity;
• Diabetes mellitus - appearance microalbumin signpost early diabetic nephropathy;
• Hypertension - can damage the glomerular structure, leading to protein loss.

2. Hematuria
Presence blood in urine (visible or microscopic) can have a variety of causes:

• Urinary tract infections, cystitis, pyelonephritis;
• Kidney stones (kidney stones);
• Glomerular disease (glomerulonephritis);
• Urinary tract tumors - especially if it is painless and persistent hematuria.

3. Leukocyturia
Presence leukocytes (white blood cells) in the urine usually indicates a urinary tract infection or inflammation. If associated with positive nitrites, increases suspicion of bacterial infection.

4. Glucosuria
Presence urine glucose frequently appears in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when blood glucose levels exceed renal reabsorption threshold. May also appear in during pregnancy or in tubular disease (Fanconi syndrome).

5. Urinary cylinders
I am formations from the kidney tubes and indicates kidney damage.

6. Urinary density and pH

• Density reflects ability to concentrate kidney - abnormal values may indicate disorders of tubular function;
• Urinary pH abnormal may suggest kidney damage.

Why is it important to monitor urinary abnormalities?
Early detection of changes in urine allows early intervention in conditions such as:

• Chronic kidney disease;
• Recurrent urinary tract infections;
• Diabetes mellitus and kidney complications;
• Glomerulopathies;
• Tubulopathies.

Routine urinary examination is often overlooked, but can offer essential information about kidney and urinary health.

Urine test abnormalities should not be ignored. Interpreted correctly, they can guide the doctor in early diagnosis some kidney disease and in initiating a appropriate treatment. Patients who have risk factors - as well as diabetes, hypertension, repeated urinary tract infections, history of kidney disease or family history of kidney disease - should carry out regular urine testseven in the absence of symptoms.